Melanoma
Melanoma is less common than many other skin cancers but is more likely to spread. Early recognition and complete assessment matter.
Common signs and symptoms
Having one or more of these symptoms does not mean you have cancer. New, unexplained or persistent changes should be assessed.
- a mole that changes in size, shape or colour
- asymmetry or an irregular border
- multiple colours or a lesion unlike the others
- itching, bleeding or a sore that does not heal
- a new pigmented or non pigmented growth
Risk factors
A risk factor changes probability; it does not predict who will or will not develop cancer.
- ultraviolet exposure and sunburn
- fair skin or many moles
- personal or family history of melanoma
- a weakened immune system
- inherited susceptibility
Screening and early detection
People should know their skin and seek assessment of changing lesions. Routine population screening is not universally recommended.
How it is investigated and diagnosed
Diagnosis requires complete excision biopsy where possible. Further surgery, lymph node assessment and imaging depend on depth and stage.
A biopsy or specialist test is usually needed to confirm the diagnosis and exact cancer type. Your healthcare team will explain which tests are appropriate.
Common treatment approaches
Treatment is individual and depends on the cancer subtype, stage, test results, general health and the patient’s priorities.
- wide local excision
- lymph node surgery in selected cases
- immunotherapy
- targeted therapy for tumours with relevant mutations
- radiotherapy in selected settings
Only a qualified treating team can recommend a treatment plan.
Questions to ask your healthcare professional
- What exact cancer type and subtype has been found?
- What stage is it, and which tests established the stage?
- What are my treatment options, expected benefits and possible side effects?
- Should biomarker, genetic or inherited risk testing be considered?
- Who should I contact if my symptoms change or I need urgent help?
When to seek urgent help
Seek prompt assessment of any rapidly changing or bleeding lesion. Seek urgent care if bleeding will not stop.
If someone is in immediate danger, contact emergency services or go to the nearest emergency department. CFC is not an emergency medical service.
Reliable medical sources
This guide was medically reviewed against current public information from the following authoritative organisations:
This page provides general information only. It cannot diagnose cancer, recommend treatment or replace advice from a qualified healthcare professional who knows your circumstances.