Lung Cancer
Lung cancer can occur in people who have never smoked, although tobacco remains the leading preventable risk. Persistent respiratory symptoms need assessment.
Common signs and symptoms
Having one or more of these symptoms does not mean you have cancer. New, unexplained or persistent changes should be assessed.
- a cough that persists or changes
- coughing up blood
- chest pain or breathlessness
- recurrent chest infections
- hoarseness, fatigue or unexplained weight loss
Risk factors
A risk factor changes probability; it does not predict who will or will not develop cancer.
- tobacco smoke, including second hand exposure
- radon
- workplace exposures such as asbestos, silica or diesel exhaust
- air pollution
- previous chest radiotherapy or family susceptibility
Screening and early detection
Low dose CT screening is recommended only for defined high risk groups in some health systems. It is not the same as a chest x ray and requires a quality assured programme.
How it is investigated and diagnosed
Evaluation may include chest imaging, CT, bronchoscopy or needle biopsy and molecular testing of confirmed cancer.
A biopsy or specialist test is usually needed to confirm the diagnosis and exact cancer type. Your healthcare team will explain which tests are appropriate.
Common treatment approaches
Treatment is individual and depends on the cancer subtype, stage, test results, general health and the patient’s priorities.
- surgery for selected localised disease
- radiotherapy
- chemotherapy
- targeted or immune therapy according to cancer type and biomarkers
Only a qualified treating team can recommend a treatment plan.
Questions to ask your healthcare professional
- What exact cancer type and subtype has been found?
- What stage is it, and which tests established the stage?
- What are my treatment options, expected benefits and possible side effects?
- Should biomarker, genetic or inherited risk testing be considered?
- Who should I contact if my symptoms change or I need urgent help?
When to seek urgent help
Emergency care is needed for major bleeding, severe breathlessness, blue lips, collapse, new weakness or confusion.
If someone is in immediate danger, contact emergency services or go to the nearest emergency department. CFC is not an emergency medical service.
Reliable medical sources
This guide was medically reviewed against current public information from the following authoritative organisations:
This page provides general information only. It cannot diagnose cancer, recommend treatment or replace advice from a qualified healthcare professional who knows your circumstances.