Liver Cancer
Primary liver cancer is different from cancer that has spread to the liver. It often arises in a liver already affected by chronic disease.
Common signs and symptoms
Having one or more of these symptoms does not mean you have cancer. New, unexplained or persistent changes should be assessed.
- pain or fullness in the upper right abdomen
- unexplained weight or appetite loss
- yellow skin or eyes
- abdominal swelling
- worsening liver disease or fatigue
Risk factors
A risk factor changes probability; it does not predict who will or will not develop cancer.
- chronic hepatitis B or C infection
- cirrhosis from any cause
- heavy alcohol exposure
- metabolic dysfunction associated fatty liver disease
- aflatoxin exposure in some settings
Screening and early detection
People at high risk may be offered regular ultrasound and blood testing through specialist care. This is surveillance, not general population screening.
How it is investigated and diagnosed
Diagnosis may use blood tests, multiphase CT or MRI and sometimes biopsy.
A biopsy or specialist test is usually needed to confirm the diagnosis and exact cancer type. Your healthcare team will explain which tests are appropriate.
Common treatment approaches
Treatment is individual and depends on the cancer subtype, stage, test results, general health and the patient’s priorities.
- surgical removal or liver transplantation
- local ablation or arterial treatments
- targeted therapy or immunotherapy
- radiotherapy and symptom care
Only a qualified treating team can recommend a treatment plan.
Questions to ask your healthcare professional
- What exact cancer type and subtype has been found?
- What stage is it, and which tests established the stage?
- What are my treatment options, expected benefits and possible side effects?
- Should biomarker, genetic or inherited risk testing be considered?
- Who should I contact if my symptoms change or I need urgent help?
When to seek urgent help
Seek urgent help for vomiting blood, black stools, severe confusion, rapidly increasing abdominal swelling or sudden severe pain.
If someone is in immediate danger, contact emergency services or go to the nearest emergency department. CFC is not an emergency medical service.
Reliable medical sources
This guide was medically reviewed against current public information from the following authoritative organisations:
This page provides general information only. It cannot diagnose cancer, recommend treatment or replace advice from a qualified healthcare professional who knows your circumstances.