Leukaemia
Leukaemia is a group of blood cancers classified by the blood cell involved and whether it develops quickly or slowly. Accurate classification is essential because treatment differs greatly.
Common signs and symptoms
Having one or more of these symptoms does not mean you have cancer. New, unexplained or persistent changes should be assessed.
- persistent tiredness, pallor or breathlessness
- frequent or severe infections
- unusual bruising or bleeding
- fever, night sweats or weight loss
- bone pain or swollen lymph nodes
Risk factors
A risk factor changes probability; it does not predict who will or will not develop cancer.
- most people have no preventable cause
- certain genetic conditions
- previous chemotherapy or high dose radiation
- benzene exposure
- risk differs by leukaemia subtype
Screening and early detection
There is no routine screening test for leukaemia.
How it is investigated and diagnosed
Diagnosis is based on a full blood count, blood film, bone marrow tests and specialised immunophenotyping and genetic studies.
A biopsy or specialist test is usually needed to confirm the diagnosis and exact cancer type. Your healthcare team will explain which tests are appropriate.
Common treatment approaches
Treatment is individual and depends on the cancer subtype, stage, test results, general health and the patient’s priorities.
- active monitoring for selected slow growing disease
- chemotherapy
- targeted or immune treatment
- stem cell transplantation for selected people
- supportive transfusion and infection care
Only a qualified treating team can recommend a treatment plan.
Questions to ask your healthcare professional
- What exact cancer type and subtype has been found?
- What stage is it, and which tests established the stage?
- What are my treatment options, expected benefits and possible side effects?
- Should biomarker, genetic or inherited risk testing be considered?
- Who should I contact if my symptoms change or I need urgent help?
When to seek urgent help
Urgent care is needed for fever in a person with low immunity, uncontrolled bleeding, severe breathlessness, confusion or rapidly worsening illness.
If someone is in immediate danger, contact emergency services or go to the nearest emergency department. CFC is not an emergency medical service.
Reliable medical sources
This guide was medically reviewed against current public information from the following authoritative organisations:
This page provides general information only. It cannot diagnose cancer, recommend treatment or replace advice from a qualified healthcare professional who knows your circumstances.