Head and Neck Cancer
Head and neck cancers are a varied group. A mouth ulcer, neck lump or voice change that persists needs professional assessment.
Common signs and symptoms
Having one or more of these symptoms does not mean you have cancer. New, unexplained or persistent changes should be assessed.
- a mouth ulcer or red or white patch that does not heal
- a persistent neck lump
- hoarseness or difficulty swallowing
- one sided ear pain, blocked nose or unexplained bleeding
- unexplained weight loss
Risk factors
A risk factor changes probability; it does not predict who will or will not develop cancer.
- tobacco use
- alcohol use, especially combined with tobacco
- HPV infection for some throat cancers
- sun exposure for lip cancer
- Epstein Barr virus for selected cancers
Screening and early detection
There is no routine population screening programme. Dental and medical examination can identify concerning changes.
How it is investigated and diagnosed
Diagnosis may involve examination with a scope, ultrasound, CT or MRI and needle or tissue biopsy.
A biopsy or specialist test is usually needed to confirm the diagnosis and exact cancer type. Your healthcare team will explain which tests are appropriate.
Common treatment approaches
Treatment is individual and depends on the cancer subtype, stage, test results, general health and the patient’s priorities.
- surgery
- radiotherapy
- chemotherapy
- targeted or immune treatment
- speech, swallowing, dental and nutritional rehabilitation
Only a qualified treating team can recommend a treatment plan.
Questions to ask your healthcare professional
- What exact cancer type and subtype has been found?
- What stage is it, and which tests established the stage?
- What are my treatment options, expected benefits and possible side effects?
- Should biomarker, genetic or inherited risk testing be considered?
- Who should I contact if my symptoms change or I need urgent help?
When to seek urgent help
Urgent help is needed for difficulty breathing, inability to swallow saliva, heavy bleeding or rapidly increasing neck swelling.
If someone is in immediate danger, contact emergency services or go to the nearest emergency department. CFC is not an emergency medical service.
Reliable medical sources
This guide was medically reviewed against current public information from the following authoritative organisations:
This page provides general information only. It cannot diagnose cancer, recommend treatment or replace advice from a qualified healthcare professional who knows your circumstances.