Cervical Cancer
Cervical cancer is often preventable through HPV vaccination and appropriate screening. Symptoms should be investigated regardless of screening history.
Common signs and symptoms
Having one or more of these symptoms does not mean you have cancer. New, unexplained or persistent changes should be assessed.
- bleeding between periods or after sex
- bleeding after menopause
- unusual watery, bloody or foul smelling discharge
- pelvic pain or pain during sex
Risk factors
A risk factor changes probability; it does not predict who will or will not develop cancer.
- persistent high risk HPV infection
- smoking
- a weakened immune system
- limited access to screening and treatment of precancer
- other factors affecting HPV persistence
Screening and early detection
Cervical screening detects precancerous changes, not cancer itself. Follow current South African guidance based on age, HIV status, history and test availability.
How it is investigated and diagnosed
Assessment may include speculum examination, HPV or cervical testing, colposcopy, biopsy and imaging after confirmation.
A biopsy or specialist test is usually needed to confirm the diagnosis and exact cancer type. Your healthcare team will explain which tests are appropriate.
Common treatment approaches
Treatment is individual and depends on the cancer subtype, stage, test results, general health and the patient’s priorities.
- treatment of precancerous changes
- surgery for selected early cancers
- radiotherapy with chemotherapy
- systemic treatment for recurrent or advanced disease
Only a qualified treating team can recommend a treatment plan.
Questions to ask your healthcare professional
- What exact cancer type and subtype has been found?
- What stage is it, and which tests established the stage?
- What are my treatment options, expected benefits and possible side effects?
- Should biomarker, genetic or inherited risk testing be considered?
- Who should I contact if my symptoms change or I need urgent help?
When to seek urgent help
Seek urgent care for very heavy bleeding, fainting, severe pelvic pain, fever or inability to pass urine.
If someone is in immediate danger, contact emergency services or go to the nearest emergency department. CFC is not an emergency medical service.
Reliable medical sources
This guide was medically reviewed against current public information from the following authoritative organisations:
This page provides general information only. It cannot diagnose cancer, recommend treatment or replace advice from a qualified healthcare professional who knows your circumstances.