Bowel Cancer
Bowel cancer often develops from changes in the lining of the colon or rectum. Earlier assessment of persistent bowel symptoms can make an important difference.
Common signs and symptoms
Having one or more of these symptoms does not mean you have cancer. New, unexplained or persistent changes should be assessed.
- blood in or on the stool
- a persistent change in bowel habit
- abdominal pain, bloating or a mass
- unexplained weight loss
- tiredness caused by iron deficiency anaemia
Risk factors
A risk factor changes probability; it does not predict who will or will not develop cancer.
- increasing age
- a personal or family history of colorectal cancer or polyps
- inflammatory bowel disease
- some inherited syndromes
- smoking, alcohol, obesity and low physical activity
Screening and early detection
Screening recommendations depend on age, risk and the South African service available. People with symptoms require diagnostic assessment rather than a screening test.
How it is investigated and diagnosed
Tests may include stool tests, colonoscopy with biopsy, blood tests and CT or MRI for staging.
A biopsy or specialist test is usually needed to confirm the diagnosis and exact cancer type. Your healthcare team will explain which tests are appropriate.
Common treatment approaches
Treatment is individual and depends on the cancer subtype, stage, test results, general health and the patient’s priorities.
- surgery
- chemotherapy
- radiotherapy, particularly for some rectal cancers
- targeted or immune therapies for selected tumours
Only a qualified treating team can recommend a treatment plan.
Questions to ask your healthcare professional
- What exact cancer type and subtype has been found?
- What stage is it, and which tests established the stage?
- What are my treatment options, expected benefits and possible side effects?
- Should biomarker, genetic or inherited risk testing be considered?
- Who should I contact if my symptoms change or I need urgent help?
When to seek urgent help
Seek urgent care for heavy bleeding, severe abdominal pain, persistent vomiting or signs of bowel obstruction.
If someone is in immediate danger, contact emergency services or go to the nearest emergency department. CFC is not an emergency medical service.
Reliable medical sources
This guide was medically reviewed against current public information from the following authoritative organisations:
This page provides general information only. It cannot diagnose cancer, recommend treatment or replace advice from a qualified healthcare professional who knows your circumstances.