Bladder Cancer
Most bladder cancers begin in urothelial cells. They may remain within the bladder lining or grow into the bladder muscle and beyond.
Common signs and symptoms
Having one or more of these symptoms does not mean you have cancer. New, unexplained or persistent changes should be assessed.
- blood in the urine, even if painless or intermittent
- burning or pain when urinating
- urinating more often or urgently
- pelvic or back pain in more advanced disease
Risk factors
A risk factor changes probability; it does not predict who will or will not develop cancer.
- tobacco smoking
- older age
- long term workplace exposure to certain chemicals
- previous pelvic radiotherapy or selected medicines
- chronic bladder irritation
Screening and early detection
There is no routine screening programme for people at average risk. Blood in the urine should always be assessed.
How it is investigated and diagnosed
Tests may include urine studies, cystoscopy, imaging and transurethral resection or biopsy.
A biopsy or specialist test is usually needed to confirm the diagnosis and exact cancer type. Your healthcare team will explain which tests are appropriate.
Common treatment approaches
Treatment is individual and depends on the cancer subtype, stage, test results, general health and the patient’s priorities.
- endoscopic removal of a bladder tumour
- treatment placed directly into the bladder
- surgery
- chemotherapy, immunotherapy or radiotherapy depending on stage
Only a qualified treating team can recommend a treatment plan.
Questions to ask your healthcare professional
- What exact cancer type and subtype has been found?
- What stage is it, and which tests established the stage?
- What are my treatment options, expected benefits and possible side effects?
- Should biomarker, genetic or inherited risk testing be considered?
- Who should I contact if my symptoms change or I need urgent help?
When to seek urgent help
Seek urgent help if you cannot pass urine, are passing clots, feel faint or have heavy bleeding.
If someone is in immediate danger, contact emergency services or go to the nearest emergency department. CFC is not an emergency medical service.
Reliable medical sources
This guide was medically reviewed against current public information from the following authoritative organisations:
This page provides general information only. It cannot diagnose cancer, recommend treatment or replace advice from a qualified healthcare professional who knows your circumstances.