Anal Cancer
Anal cancer is uncommon. Several different cell types can be involved, and treatment depends on the exact type, size and spread.
Common signs and symptoms
Having one or more of these symptoms does not mean you have cancer. New, unexplained or persistent changes should be assessed.
- bleeding from the anus or rectum
- pain, itching or a lump near the anus
- a change in bowel habits
- discharge or swollen groin lymph nodes
Risk factors
A risk factor changes probability; it does not predict who will or will not develop cancer.
- persistent infection with high risk human papillomavirus (HPV)
- smoking
- a weakened immune system
- a history of anal precancer or related HPV disease
Screening and early detection
There is no routine population screening programme for anal cancer. Some people at higher risk may be offered specialist assessment.
How it is investigated and diagnosed
Assessment may include examination, anoscopy or proctoscopy, imaging and a biopsy to confirm the cell type.
A biopsy or specialist test is usually needed to confirm the diagnosis and exact cancer type. Your healthcare team will explain which tests are appropriate.
Common treatment approaches
Treatment is individual and depends on the cancer subtype, stage, test results, general health and the patient’s priorities.
- combined chemotherapy and radiotherapy
- surgery for selected or persistent disease
- supportive and symptom care
Only a qualified treating team can recommend a treatment plan.
Questions to ask your healthcare professional
- What exact cancer type and subtype has been found?
- What stage is it, and which tests established the stage?
- What are my treatment options, expected benefits and possible side effects?
- Should biomarker, genetic or inherited risk testing be considered?
- Who should I contact if my symptoms change or I need urgent help?
When to seek urgent help
Seek prompt care for heavy bleeding, severe pain, fainting or an inability to pass stool or gas.
If someone is in immediate danger, contact emergency services or go to the nearest emergency department. CFC is not an emergency medical service.
Reliable medical sources
This guide was medically reviewed against current public information from the following authoritative organisations:
This page provides general information only. It cannot diagnose cancer, recommend treatment or replace advice from a qualified healthcare professional who knows your circumstances.