Myeloma
Myeloma can affect bones, kidneys, blood counts and immunity. Related conditions may be monitored before treatment is needed.
Common signs and symptoms
Having one or more of these symptoms does not mean you have cancer. New, unexplained or persistent changes should be assessed.
- persistent bone or back pain
- recurrent fractures
- tiredness or breathlessness from anaemia
- frequent infections
- thirst, confusion or kidney problems
Risk factors
A risk factor changes probability; it does not predict who will or will not develop cancer.
- increasing age
- male sex
- family history
- African ancestry
- previous monoclonal gammopathy
- most people have no clear preventable cause
Screening and early detection
There is no routine screening test for myeloma.
How it is investigated and diagnosed
Diagnosis includes blood and urine protein studies, bone marrow biopsy and imaging of the skeleton, along with kidney, calcium and blood count tests.
A biopsy or specialist test is usually needed to confirm the diagnosis and exact cancer type. Your healthcare team will explain which tests are appropriate.
Common treatment approaches
Treatment is individual and depends on the cancer subtype, stage, test results, general health and the patient’s priorities.
- combinations of targeted medicines, steroids, antibodies and chemotherapy
- stem cell transplantation for eligible people
- bone strengthening and infection prevention
- radiotherapy for selected painful lesions
Only a qualified treating team can recommend a treatment plan.
Questions to ask your healthcare professional
- What exact cancer type and subtype has been found?
- What stage is it, and which tests established the stage?
- What are my treatment options, expected benefits and possible side effects?
- Should biomarker, genetic or inherited risk testing be considered?
- Who should I contact if my symptoms change or I need urgent help?
When to seek urgent help
Urgent care is needed for sudden weakness or numbness, loss of bladder or bowel control, confusion, severe dehydration, fever or uncontrolled pain.
If someone is in immediate danger, contact emergency services or go to the nearest emergency department. CFC is not an emergency medical service.
Reliable medical sources
This guide was medically reviewed against current public information from the following authoritative organisations:
This page provides general information only. It cannot diagnose cancer, recommend treatment or replace advice from a qualified healthcare professional who knows your circumstances.