Breast Cancer
Breast cancer includes several diseases with different biological features. A new breast change deserves assessment even when it is painless.
Common signs and symptoms
Having one or more of these symptoms does not mean you have cancer. New, unexplained or persistent changes should be assessed.
- a new breast or underarm lump
- change in breast size, shape or skin
- nipple inversion or discharge
- persistent focal breast pain
- redness, dimpling or thickened skin
Risk factors
A risk factor changes probability; it does not predict who will or will not develop cancer.
- being female and increasing age
- family history or an inherited variant such as BRCA1 or BRCA2
- previous chest radiotherapy
- alcohol, excess body weight after menopause and hormonal factors
Screening and early detection
Screening and risk assessment should be discussed with a healthcare professional. A symptom or lump needs diagnostic assessment and should not wait for a routine screening appointment.
How it is investigated and diagnosed
Assessment can include clinical examination, mammography, ultrasound, MRI in selected cases and needle biopsy.
A biopsy or specialist test is usually needed to confirm the diagnosis and exact cancer type. Your healthcare team will explain which tests are appropriate.
Common treatment approaches
Treatment is individual and depends on the cancer subtype, stage, test results, general health and the patient’s priorities.
- surgery
- radiotherapy
- chemotherapy
- endocrine, targeted or immune treatment according to tumour biology
Only a qualified treating team can recommend a treatment plan.
Questions to ask your healthcare professional
- What exact cancer type and subtype has been found?
- What stage is it, and which tests established the stage?
- What are my treatment options, expected benefits and possible side effects?
- Should biomarker, genetic or inherited risk testing be considered?
- Who should I contact if my symptoms change or I need urgent help?
When to seek urgent help
Seek prompt medical care for a rapidly enlarging breast, spreading redness with fever, severe illness or new breathing or neurological symptoms.
If someone is in immediate danger, contact emergency services or go to the nearest emergency department. CFC is not an emergency medical service.
Reliable medical sources
This guide was medically reviewed against current public information from the following authoritative organisations:
This page provides general information only. It cannot diagnose cancer, recommend treatment or replace advice from a qualified healthcare professional who knows your circumstances.