Testicular Cancer
Testicular cancer is uncommon but is one of the more frequent cancers in younger adult men. A painless lump should be examined promptly.
Common signs and symptoms
Having one or more of these symptoms does not mean you have cancer. New, unexplained or persistent changes should be assessed.
- a painless lump or swelling in a testicle
- a change in testicular size or firmness
- a heavy or aching scrotum
- lower abdominal or groin discomfort
- sudden pain is less typical but needs urgent assessment
Risk factors
A risk factor changes probability; it does not predict who will or will not develop cancer.
- an undescended testicle
- personal or family history
- abnormal testicular development
- risk is highest in younger and middle aged adults
Screening and early detection
Routine population screening is not recommended. Awareness of a new testicular change is important.
How it is investigated and diagnosed
Assessment includes examination, scrotal ultrasound and blood tumour markers. The affected testicle is usually removed through the groin for diagnosis and treatment.
A biopsy or specialist test is usually needed to confirm the diagnosis and exact cancer type. Your healthcare team will explain which tests are appropriate.
Common treatment approaches
Treatment is individual and depends on the cancer subtype, stage, test results, general health and the patient’s priorities.
- surgery
- active surveillance after surgery for selected early disease
- chemotherapy
- radiotherapy for selected seminoma
- fertility preservation discussion before treatment
Only a qualified treating team can recommend a treatment plan.
Questions to ask your healthcare professional
- What exact cancer type and subtype has been found?
- What stage is it, and which tests established the stage?
- What are my treatment options, expected benefits and possible side effects?
- Should biomarker, genetic or inherited risk testing be considered?
- Who should I contact if my symptoms change or I need urgent help?
When to seek urgent help
Sudden severe testicular pain is an emergency because torsion must be excluded, even when cancer is not suspected.
If someone is in immediate danger, contact emergency services or go to the nearest emergency department. CFC is not an emergency medical service.
Reliable medical sources
This guide was medically reviewed against current public information from the following authoritative organisations:
This page provides general information only. It cannot diagnose cancer, recommend treatment or replace advice from a qualified healthcare professional who knows your circumstances.